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Duchy (Kingdom of Hungary)
The Duchy 〔Joseph A. Mikuš, Slovakia: a political and constitutional history : with documents, Academic Press, 1995, p. 12, ISBN 978-80-967366-0-7〕 or Ducatus ((ハンガリー語:dukátus ''or'' hercegség)) is the denomination for territories occasionally governed separately by members (dukes) of the Árpád dynasty within the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th-12th centuries. The symbol of the ducal power was a sword, while the royal power was represented by the crown.
==Origins==
Modern historians do not share a consensual view on the origins of the ''Duchy'' or territorial units administered by members of the royal family within the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. György Györffy writes that the ''Ducatus'' or "Duchy" developed from the command over the Kabars and other ethnic groups which joined the federation of the Hungarian tribes. According to his opinion, this command was initially, even before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 895, bestowed upon the heir to the supreme head of the Hungarian tribal federation, in accordance with the customs of the Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppes. Therefore, Györffy continues, the crown prince's command over these ethnic groups transformed, in the course of the 10th century, into his authority over the territories where they settled. Tringli says that it is possible that Koppány's domains in Transdanubia and Saint Emeric's territories (he bore the title of Duke of Russians) were duchies too in accordance with steppe tradition.〔István Tringli, Központi hatalom és különkormányzat, In: Rubicon, Magyar Középkor, 2011/3, p. 12〕 On the other hand, Gyula Kristó, who refused Györffy's theory, writes that the ''Duchy'' only came into being when King Andrew I of Hungary granted one third of his kingdom to his younger brother, Béla around 1048. He cites the ''Illuminated Chronicle'' which clearly states that this was the "first division of the kingdom".〔''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:'' (ch. 60.88), p. 113.〕
Clifford Rogers argues that possession of the Duchy owes its roots to the tradition of senioratus. The dukes regarded the control of the duchy as a pathway to the throne.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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